Feminism in Adrienne Richs Poetry Essay - 2828 Words

Adrienne Richs poetry serves a prophetic function by articulating the history and ideals of the feminist struggle. By recalling the ancient chthonic mysteries of blood and birth, by reconnecting daughters with their mothers, by drawing parallels between women today and their historical counterparts, and by envisioning the women of the future who will emerge from the feminist struggle, her poetry celebrates womens strength and possibilities. Elaborating her vision, Rich brings a nurturing ethos to her analysis of social priorities: I simply believe that human society is capable of meeting the fundamental needs of all human beings: we can give them a minimum standard of living, we can give them an education, we can create an†¦show more content†¦( LSS, 213) This emphasis on making womens reality and values visible echoes the Puritan injunction to externalize faith. Like the Puritans who became visible saints through spiritual preparation for the day God called them, women name themselves by analyzing their experience and understanding the meaning of their lives: And it means the most difficult thing of all: listening and watching in art and literature, in the social sciences, in all the descriptions we are given of the world, for the silences, the absences, the nameless, the unspoken, the encoded--for there we will find the true knowledge of women. And in breaking those silences, naming our selves, uncovering the hidden, making ourselves present, we begin to define a reality which resonates to us, which affirms our being . . . to take ourselves, and each other, seriously: meaning, to begin to take charge of our lives. ( LSS, 145) In addition to shared rhetorical patterns, there are structural parallels in Puritan reformation and feminist transformation: both envision the creation of a new world and both are threatened by external forces--PuritanismShow MoreRelatedAdrienne Rich : A Literary Pioneer For American Women During The Contemporary Era1492 Words   |  6 PagesAdrienne Rich was a literary pioneer for American women during the contemporary era. Rich’s career spanned 60 years and she is most famous for her inspirational poetry that advocated for women. As an author, wife, mother, and Jew, Rich’s work encompassed the many prejudices that women face. Wendy Martin wrote, â€Å"Her work explores the experience of women who reject patriarchal definitions of femininity† (Martin 550). Adrienne Rich’s feminist upbringing inspired her poem â€Å"Snapshots of a Daughter-In-LawRead MoreThe Feminist Movement : Adrienne Rich1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe word â€Å"feminism† is s till a word that gets put in the wrong category. Many people, especially the stereotypical male who believes women should not leave the house, believe that the word â€Å"feminism† means that women are superior to men. Though there are the radical women who do believe that, â€Å"feminism† holds a completely different meaning. Feminism was created to fight for women’s equality. It was around the 1940s where the word began to gain its first wave of momentum. The second wave came in theRead More Adrienne Rich Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pages The Poetry of Adrienne Rich nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adrienne Rich was born in Baltimore, Maryland in the year of 1929. Rich grew up in a household as she describes it as † †¦white, middle-class, full of books, and with a father who encouraged her to write† (Daniel). Her father Arnold Rich was a doctor and a pathology professor and her mother, Helen Jones Rich , was a pianist and a composer. â€Å"Adrienne Rich recalls her growing-up years clearly dominated by the intellectual presence and demandsRead More Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay2741 Words   |  11 PagesEmily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (JamesRead MoreFeminism, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Jackson s The Lottery1205 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism, the belief that women and men should both have equal rights, was a movement that many men did not believe in before the 1960s and 1970s. The feminist movement started after the 1970s. Women such as Adrienne Rich (poet), Charlotte Perkins Gilman (feminist) and Shirley Jackson (writer), are women that used their works of literature to show their views on the ways men controlled their wives physically and mentally. Rich wrote Livi ng In Sin, Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper, and Jackson wroteRead MoreAnalysis of Diving Into the Wreck813 Words   |  4 PagesWreck There are many poems in today’s literature that are detailed and paint a picture for the reader. A poem that really stands out is Diving Into the Wreck by Adrienne Rich. Rich is a well known poet born 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland (Milne). She is a very influential poet in the subjects of feminism and the rights of women. Rich’s literary work was released in the early 1970’s which was a trivial and controversial time in the rights of women. Her poem, Diving Into the Wreck is descriptive andRead MoreAdrienne Rich Twenty One Love Poem1053 Words   |  5 PagesAdrienne Cecile Rich was an American Poet and feminist born May 16, 1929 died March 27th 2012, was born in Baltimore, Maryland and the oldest of two sisters from a middle class family, Rich was educated by her parents until she entered public school in the fourth grade. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Radcliffe College in 1951, the same year her first book of poems, A Change of World, appeared. That volume, c hosen by W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award, and her next, The DiamondRead MoreThe Power Of Poetry728 Words   |  3 Pagespower of poetry consists of three vital points: content, impact, and relevance. Poetry is powerful; however, not every reader will find its power in the same way, or find power in it at all. It is not that one type of poem is inherently more powerful than another. What it is, however, is that the value of poetry comes from a subjective place. Some poems may sit well with one audience but may not connect to another audience. Readers are the ones who determine exactly which pieces of poetry are powerfulRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Twenty One Love Poems By Adrienne Rich1782 Words   |  8 Pages Adrienne Rich was a highly acclaimed twentieth-century poet who railed against war and the injustices in the world, and also used imagery that spoke tenderly of love—feelings that she sensed were both highly individual for her, but al so universal. â€Å"Twenty-One Love Poems† were written between 1974-1976 to her lover of the time, and they track the course of the relationship through the sweet beginning stages, the development of mature love, and all the way through to its dissolution due toRead MoreWomen s Roles Of Reproduction1466 Words   |  6 Pagesmotherhood and marriage obligations. Conversely, other lesbian authors such as Audre Lorde and Adrienne Rich utilized writing, speeches, and poetry in linking women’s oppression and heterosexuality. These rhetoricians asserted that heterosexuality is an unavoidable institution that is aimed at perpetuating men’s power across race and class. In Lorde’s (1984) Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches and Rich’s (1980) On Lies, Secrets, and Silence, these rhetoricians examined how classicism, racism and sexism

The Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children - 953 Words

While reading Cleverley Phillips Visions of Childhood I found that many views of the past relating to corporal punishment have changed significantly. During my readings I read things that instantly stood out to me. The first being how many issues and their solutions revolved around religion. John Wesley, was the founder of the Methodist Movement, and he believed that children were born with sin and that it was the parental duty to discipline the unruly child, starting at an early age. During this time period, corporal punishment was a common practice. Wesley used reference to the Bible verse in Proverbs to declare, â€Å"Spare the rod, spoil the child†, (Cleverly and Phillips, 1986) in turn parents believed they were doing God’s will with their harsh punishments. â€Å"Break their wills betimes, begin this work before they can run alone, before they can speak plain, perhaps before they can speak at all. Whatever pains it costs, break the will, if you would not damn the child. Let a child from a year old be taught to fear the rod and to cry softly; if you do not conquer, you ruin him. Break his will now, and his soul shall live, and he will probably bless you to eternity.† (Cleverly and Phillips, pg 29) During these times corporal punishment was very prevalent it was simply the norm. It wasn’t until later that Western society started to change their views on the subject. As a consequence of our changing views on children and the change in society itself after the industrialShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof any child’s life is a huge determinate of what their future will turn out to be. Parenting styles are the normative prototypes that parents utilize to socialize and manage their children. Different parents employ different styles of discipline to ensure that their children develop to be all-rounded adults. Children who have been nurtured well by their parents turn up as self-regulated with disciplined behavior. Child discipline is thus a key parenting skill, and the choice of discipline styleRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children2225 Words   |  9 Pagesinternet that will point out the simple pros and cons of Corporal punishment. Many children psychologists state that violence will always produce violence, it will never reduce aggression. This is a generally accepted fact that has been proven and studied for decades. Will someone such as a child, not act out against an aggressor because of the natural drive to preserve their inherited material? There are usually four things that children who have experienced child abuse will do in later years. OneRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribute our findings so that all of the public cannot ignore the wholesale infliction of pain and suffering onto our school children, and the role â€Å"paddling† schools play in teaching our children that physically aggressive and coercive resolutions of conflict are legitimate. Contributing to the problem of violence by making children feel rejected and isolated, corporal punishment is unsafe in and of itself, but its discriminate application may be co-incident with problems unique to racial and genderRead MoreEffects of Corporal Punishment on Children Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagestrait both in and out of their homes. Misbehaving children cannot be avoided as they are curious little beings and they have a tendency to explore. But there are some parents, even teachers, who do not tolerate misbehaving and they resort to corpora l punishments such as spanking to make sure the child never forgets how painful it is to misbehave as they will remember the punishment entailed to it and become more disciplined. However, not all children would understand the logic of the parent and theRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1860 Words   |  8 PagesReading/Writing L9 17 March 2015 Corporal Punishment by Spanking in Children Corporal punishment is hared way for children. According to Carol Bower, in the article Positive Discipline and a Ban on Corporal Punishment Will Help Stop Cycles of Violence. parents rely on corporal punishment on their children because violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. â€Å"The data showed that 57% of parents with children under 18 used corporal punishment, and 33% used severe corporal punishment in the form of beatings†Read MoreEssay on Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children1943 Words   |  8 Pagesspanking. Whichever terminology is used to help define corporal punishment, it all means the same. The very idea of physical discipline is based on an adult using his or her larger physique and power to intimidate and force someone much smaller and weaker into a state of compliance (Rathis, 2007). In the western culture, they publically frown at people who use their physical power to dominate someone smaller, yet when it comes to their children they take a pass, turn their heads, and call it spankingRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Corporal Punishment On Children1499 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will explore published recent articles that talks about young children and their eyes being glued to screens. Many articles have different purposes of why children are so addict to an in motion screen, but Marcia Eckerd found the problem and solution to why this is a number one cause in our world today. There are creative ways in children that makes their mind wonder in a way to pay more attention to what is going on in the community and how to learn from it. Technology can

How Entrepreneurs Impact an Economy Free Essays

Introduction As economies continue to integrate due to globalisation and formally closed economies like India and China march toward total liberalisation, entrepreneurship is on the increase. A close analysis of developed and industrialised economies indicates a common denominator that stands out amongst all of them, which is the important role played by entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in such economies. This phenomenon has proved to us that if an economy is to develop fully, entrepreneurship should be allowed to flourish. We will write a custom essay sample on How Entrepreneurs Impact an Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore it is the objective of this paper to critically analyse the impact of entrepreneurs in any given economy. In this paper the writer will identify and discuss the many benefits afforded to an economy through entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship and the disadvantages of the same and draw conclusions on the overall impact of the entrepreneurs. Innovation Individuals often resort to entrepreneurship for one of the following reasons, because they find a market niche and have the solution to profit from such niche, because they have been unable to find suitable employment or a suitable means of income and therefore have resorted to using their creativity to generate an income for themselves, or because they have the technological know-how and the financial resources (or able to source all of the above) necessary to generate income by satisfying a need in the marketplace. Irrespective of which of the above led an individual to become an entrepreneur it is clear that innovation and creativity is the driving factor and therefore it can be stated that the biggest impact of entrepreneurs to an economy is the innovative contribution that they make. Job Creation As stated in the previous section one of the main reasons that individuals tend to become entrepreneurs is because they are unable to find suitable jobs. As a result, by being enterprising, creative and finding a market niche, not only are they able to generate an income for themselves but also to employ other individuals in their business operations. Therefore one of the most positive impacts that entrepreneurs make on an economy is job creation and the reduction of unemployment levels within that economy. In developed countries we see that almost 40 – 50% of the workforce are employed in small and medium scale business enterprises that were started up by very enterprising individuals. Likewise in countries like India we see that millions of women have been able to pull their families out of poverty through self employment and entrepreneurship that has been made possible by different Non Governmental Organisations and due to the availability of such resources through micro finance etc. Africa is another good example of small scale entrepreneurs helping to reduce poverty and help many avoid destitution. Therefore based on everything that has been stated above it is apparent that entrepreneurs can cause a great degree of impact on an economy through job creation and income generation. Increased Competition Another positive impact of entrepreneurship on an economy is the increasing level of competition in that economy as new entrepreneurs join the fray in existing domestic markets. While one may venture to say that this will only lead to market saturation, the upside of such a phenomenon is that it causes all the players in the market to re-evaluate their operational capabilities, increase value addition, lower costs and become more efficient. Thus it can be stated that competition reduces likelihood of monopolies and oligopolies in the marketplace and is beneficial to the customer and the economy as a whole. Increased Productivity One of the advantages of increased competition in an economy is that individuals and firms continue to source methods that can better improve their operations, use resources more efficiently and most importantly reduce costs while adding value. All this often results in an increase in productivity in an economy and a increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), which is indeed a benefit for the economy. While opponents tend to state that when productivity increases the unemployment can often increase, thus reducing the positive impacts, it is the opinion of the writer that increased productivity which can then lead to increased unemployment will then cause more individuals to be creative, find niche markets, become entrepreneurs and begin generating more employment opportunities, thus re-inventing the wheel and driving the economy forward. New Markets As stated in the previous section increased competition in the marketplace can cause saturation and as a result many entrepreneurs maybe driven to seek new markets for their products and services or adapt market penetration tactics. Either way such a phenomena of increased competition, which ultimately causes individuals to look for new markets can be considered as a positive impact on the economy and therefore entrepreneurs can be considered to play a very important role in the economy. As integration of economies continues due to globalisation entrepreneurs often tend to look for markets that are outside of their domestic sphere thus generating foreign revenue and increasing the prosperity of the economy as a whole. While this maybe a very simplistic explanation of the impact that entrepreneurs make on an economy, it is also safe to say that the employment generation, increased competition, market expansion, market penetration and sourcing new markets all result in income generation that ultimately help an economy to become more prosperous, draw millions out of poverty and generate funds for social welfare activities that ultimately uplift the living standards of its citizenry. Negative Impacts of Entrepreneurs The single largest negative impact of entrepreneurs on an economy is the plundering of resources, which can have a disastrous affect on the environment. While such negative impacts are mitigated to some extent in developed economies due to the enforcement of environmental protection standards and regulations, this is not the case in developing economies. Further entrepreneurship requires a certain degree of business knowledge and know how, without which entrepreneurial ventures can often fail, which can also cause many financial hardship that in extreme cases can even lead to destitution. Social Entrepreneurship Today we see the realm of social entrepreneurship growing exponentially which is a very positive sign and has helped to draw millions out of poverty, decrease unemployment, decrease the number of people dependent on social welfare and all in all uplift the living standards and quality of life of millions. Further social entrepreneurship initiatives are also often seen as ‘green initiatives’ that take into consideration the impact on the natural environment and therefore strives to keep this at a minimum, thus increasing awareness about such issues, avoiding plundering of natural resources and conserving the environment wherever possible. Therefore it can be stated that the negative impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy can be mitigated to some extent through social entrepreneurship. Conclusion Based on everything that has been discussed above it is apparent that the positive impacts of entrepreneurs on an economy, far outweigh the negative impacts. Job creation, reduction in unemployment levels, increased competition, opening new markets, increasing productivity, foreign income generation and poverty alleviation are some of the positive impacts that entrepreneurs have on an economy. However this is not to say that there are no negative impacts such as the wastage and plundering of resources, yet taken as a whole it is apparent that the entrepreneurs positively impact an economy. How to cite How Entrepreneurs Impact an Economy, Essay examples

Strategic Management Supermarkets Woolworth-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management Supermarkets Woolworth? Answer: Introduction Strategic management is the process for analyzing the current strategy and finding out the efficiency and position of organization in industry. It is helpful for developing more beliefs and value systems for a company. This report includes strategic management of a well-established retail organization in Australia, i.e. Woolworths Supermarket. The discussion analyzes the internal and external environment of the organization by using different tools, like; Porters five forces and PESTLE analysis. Furthermore, it describes capabilities and resources of the organization and related issues in both external and internal environment. Company Description Woolworths Supermarkets is one of the Australian leading players with broad retail business throughout New Zealand and Australia. It is the second largest retail organization in Australia in terms of revenues after Wesfarmers Limited. The organization has started its business operations in the year 1924 by launching its first store in Sydney. In the year 2012, the organization has become one of the largest retail stores in Australia and New Zealand. This is the subsidiary of a well-known brand, i.e. Woolworth Limited. It operates different brands, such as; Dick Smith Electronics, Safeway Supermarkets, Big W, BMS, Tandy etc. Currently, Woolworth has 1000 retail stores across Australia, from which 968 are supermarkets and 19 are convenience stores, which carry similar logo of Woolworths. Mostly, the company sells the groceries, like; fruits, vegetables, meat, packaged food products etc. with this, it also sells magazines, stationary goods and DVDs. With Coles, this organization makes a duopoly of supermarkets in Australia, accounting approximately 80% of the Australian industry (Woolworths, 2017). Here is the discussion about the internal and external environment of the Woolworths Supermarkets and the factors, which impact the growth and performance of the organization in Australian retail industry. External Analysis It is very important for each and every organization to understand the impact of external environment on the growth and profitability of the strategies of organization. There are some external factors, which affect the performance of organization. For analyzing external environment, here are two strategic tools, i.e. PESTLE Analysis and Porters five forces analysis. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis includes many factors, like; Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. This analysis includes how these factors affect Woolworths Supermarkets and all over retail industry in Australia (Arli, Dylke, Burgess, Campus Soldo, 2013). Political Factors Woolworths is a well-known brand name in the retail sectors, which is taking advantages of close Economic Relation Trade Agreement between New Zealand and Australia. This organization carries two countries where Woolworth is running its business operations in a sole economy. This organization and its shareholders, whether domestic and foreign, are very safe in political strength of both the nations. On the other side, there are some political conflicts, which discourage the investors and businesses from investing in the supermarkets because there is a risk of having low return on investment and more risk of business letdown (Barney, 2014). Economic Factors There are some economic factors, which are favorable for Woolworths Supermarkets, because both the countries, New Zealand and Australia have environment with the economic stability. Both the countries have maintained a higher living standard in comparison to other nations. Apart from this, the position of company has been affected adversely due to global financial crisis. Due to this global crisis, the organization had closed its business operations in United Kingdom and it faced a considerable loss. Still, the organization is able to perform in an effective manner regardless of this financial trouble (Chung, 2016). The economy of Australia is supporting Woolworths Supermarkets in continuing its business operations after closing in UK. Social Factors In modern environment, people prefer to purchase the products from the organizations, which focus on being environmental friendly and commit to offer organic and products with green-tag. So, Woolworth is one of the organizations, which has engaged in setting the trends for healthier and greener life style. It has used various eco-friendly tools and techniques in its sustainability strategy. It is engaging in the corporate social responsibility. It is considering the needs of consumers with a short period for shopping (Cole, 2013). Technological Factors Technological factors play an important role for the organizations in retail industry. Woolworths is engaged innovation and developing the better technologies that can assist in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of its products and services ad fulfill the needs and expectations of customers. The organization has installed self-checkout machines in the retail stores. The machines of its retail stores enabled the customers to scan and make payment for the products and groceries via credit and debit cards or cash (Cheng, Green Ko, 2014). As the people are actively engaged in using new technologies, so they are positively influenced with the technology innovations of Woolworths. Legal Factors The trading policies of government and other policies impact the retail sector in Australia. The consumer commission, competition and Trade Practicing Act and other trading policies in Australia have positive impact on the supermarket business in the country. So, it can be stated that regulatory and legal factors are favorable for the growth and development of business of Woolworths retail business. Environmental Factors The environmental aspects of retail sector is indicated in the form of using the eco-friendly practices in the business and engaging in the processes that decrease the harmful impact on people and environment (Dwivedi, Merrilees, Miller Herington, 2012). This organization is engaging its resources in minimization of the carbon footprint of the organization and with this, it is reducing the wastage of resources like; water. In external environment, there are some environmental factors, which mainly impact the sustainability of the retail business. Thus, most of the external factors are favorable for the growth of Woolworths in the country. Porters Five Forces Analysis Porter Five Forces analysis is a model, which can assist in analyzing the situation and trends in the perspective industry. This model evaluates the current situation of the industry and the ways in which various factors impact the companys performance (Dos Santos, Svensson Padin, 2013). Industry Rivalry In Australian retail industry, the rivalry among competitors is intense. There are so many competitors in the industry, like; Wesfarmers, Coles, Asda etc. that are competing against each other for gaining large market share. In the industry, the competition is majorly based on price factor, but other factors of competition are such as; location of stores and product choice. The industry is increasing due to some driving factors; one is the entry of American supermarket, i.e. Costco and turn-around of Coles (E. Dobbs, 2014). Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants is low in the retail industry in Australia, because already established larger companies have made the entry very difficult. It is not easy for new players to enter the industry. There are some reasons, like; establishing a retail business with a number of retail stores and higher quality to compare with its competitor, like; Coles requires a high amount of capital (Eden Ackermann, 2013). Moreover, Woolworths and its large competitors are governing players, having access to different channels of distribution and well-known brands in the retail sector. Bargaining Power of Suppliers For Woolworths, the bargaining power of supplier is moderate. There are two major leading players, i.e. Woolworths and Coles, which are controlling over 80% of the retail industry. This bargaining power of suppliers changes in the supermarkets depending on the brand name of suppliers and size of retailer. There are some large suppliers, like; Coca Cola, British American Tobacco, which have strong power in the area of supermarket (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Therefore, the bargaining power of suppliers in Australian retail industry is higher to moderate. Bargaining Power of Buyers In the retail industry, retail and supermarkets provide mostly similar products that have low switching costs among stores and offered purchasers with very high bargaining power. Customers have several options to buy the grocery and packaged food products. To meet the needs and demands of the customers, the companies are making effective strategies and becoming highly competitive in the industry. Threat of Substitutes In the retail or supermarket industry, there are so many substitutes for customers, like; grocery stores, online stores, convenience stores, pharmacies and fresh food markets (Flax, Bick Abratt, 2016). In the country, the customers are ready to pay comparatively higher prices for their convenience, for instance; close to their homes, easy parking, no waiting time or queues etc. So, the threat of substitutes in retail industry is medium to high. Thus, the major threats for the company are threats from competitors and substitutes in the retail industry. Internal Analysis Analyzing internal environment is very important for recognizing the strengths and weaknesses. Evaluating the strengths and relationships among processes, which create a value chain of the firm can be the resources of revealing the possible resources of competitive advantage for the organization. For instance, the weak performance in the year 2011 caused several supermarkets to look back at business model and to evaluate the opportunities in the online business, in an atmosphere, where the confidence of customers is weak (Ho, 2014). So, from internal analysis, an organization can shifted in the market with new products and services by adjoining its weaknesses. Here is the discussion about the different components of internal environment at Woolworths Supermarkets. Resources, capabilities and core competencies Effective Supply Chain Process Distribution network and supply chain of Woolworths work as both the resources and capability as well. It works in both the out-bound logistics and in-bound logistics. The relationship with suppliers is highly valuable because it is a major cost-savings, which are attained during its entire supply chain network and logistics process. This resource and capability enabled the Woolworths to attain comparatively higher EBIT than Coles (Keith, 2012). Brand Reputation Woolworths has made a great brand reputation over past years. It was done by providing consumer experience with its products and services that can be recognized to its inflexible quality evaluation processes in its supply chain network. The brand reputation of the organization is valuable, because it offers significance differentiation to the competitors, like; Coles and Wesfarmers (Landrum, Gardner, Boje, 2014). This resource of the organization is contributing to the higher customer satisfaction. This resource is neither rare, nor difficult to imitate. Effective Top Management Even there were increasing rates of inflation and recessionary pressures, but still Woolworth is able to attain the growth rates at higher levels (Ho, 2014). It is contributed to the top management of Woolworths. Its top management is significant resource that is enabling the organization to effectively compete with Costco in the coming future. Innovation and Integration Woolworths Supermarkets have implemented different projects and innovations, inclusive of new idea program and re fresh. There are so many processes at Woolworths retail stores, which reflect its innovative capability in the competitive business environment. Moreover, the organization is vertically integrated its supplies by generating its inputs to enhance its market coverage and to react to the trends at private level (The Guardian, 2017). Human Resources Woolworths Supermarket possesses more efficient and effective employees and workers in comparison to its competitors, like; Coles. The organization prefers to hire the people of middle aged and who have experience in the field. In addition, it emphasizes on conducting training and development program for employees. In the year 2011, the company invested $60 million in education and learning program across its branches. In-store services In-store services of Woolworths Supermarkets are mainly focused in the strategy priority of Woolworths. The organization has offered a number of in-store services to its consumers, for instance, delivery service for some specific products and purchases in a day with reasonable prices. Fresh food initiatives of Woolworths helped the organization in expansion of new in-store kitchen to serve the different tastes (The Guardian, 2017). Thus, these resources and capabilities are effective for the organization. They are leading the organization to gain higher competitive advantage against its major competitors, i.e. Coles, Wesfarmers etc. However, the internal and external environment factors are favorable for Woolworths Supermarket, but still there are some issues, which are hampering the performance and productivity of the organization. Environmental and community issues According to a research, Woolworths Supermarket is facing the issues related to environment and community. People are demanding more information about the products, like; where the goods and products are coming from and they are expecting products to possess environmental and ethical characteristics without increasing the costs (Rothaermel, 2013). It means the customers of Woolworths are demanding Value with Values. With this, organization is facing some transformational and social issues in the country and the people wish to see the job opportunities, which are created and retained by the organization, which they assist. Threat from competitors There are so many players in the industry, which are posing threats to the growth of Woolworths in Australia and South Africa. The biggest threat to this organization is the growth of cut-cost supermarket competitors, like; Aldi and entry of other global rivals, i.e. German supermarket, Lidi. These new entrants in the market are dangerous is not only for their capacity to gain their market share, but Aldi has over 10% but the major pressure is on the margins, which these low costs and home focused retailers produce (Morschett, Schramm-Klein Zentes, 2015). Weak Staff morale Although, Woolworths is conducting training and development programs for motivating its employees, but still they are facing the issues related to weak staff morale. The morale of staff and suppliers is comparatively low at Woolworths because of disengagement and lost sales opportunities. There is high staff turnover, which is making it very difficult to adopt new strategies and focused on the requirement to shake up the culture at Woolworths Supermarkets (Chung, 2016). Thus, the organization is facing these issues in external and internal environment. Now, it is using some effective ways and strategies to deal with these issues. Recommendations To deal with these issues, Woolworth supermarket should implement effective strategies in its business operations. The organization should invest in the advertising and promotional campaigns, which promote environmental concerns. Hereby, it is recommended that Woolworths should focus on an enjoyable shopping experience and convenience of customers. It should have enthusiastic, cheerful and helpful staff members, so that the customers may have the good shopping experience. Moreover, it should engage the employees in the processes of organization. Along with the customers, the organization should focus on employees and enhance their morale by conducting motivational programs. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Woolworth Supermarket is a leading player in the retail sector in Australia and New Zealand. From the PESTLE analysis, it can be said that the external factors are favorable for the growth of organization in the country. From the Porters analysis, it can be concluded that Woolworth is facing high competition in the retail industry with the high threat of substitutes. Moreover, the organization has many resources and capabilities, which are enhancing its growth in the market. Despite of this, the organization is facing some issues related to staff, competitors and community References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Barney, J. B. (2014).Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Chung, F. (2016). Woolworths Morale at all-time low. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolworths-morale-at-alltime-low/news-story/db37428e5b16097771c74af2e9328357. Cole, G.A. (2013). Strategic Management, Cengage Learning. Cheng, M. M., Green, W. J., Ko, J. C. W. (2014). The impact of strategic relevance and assurance of sustainability indicators on investors' decisions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), 131-162. Dwivedi, A., Merrilees, B., Miller, D., Herington, C. (2012). Brand, value and relationship equities and loyalty-intentions in the Australian supermarket industry.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(5), 526-536. Dos Santos, M. A., Svensson, G., Padin, C. (2013). Indicators of sustainable business practices: Woolworths in South Africa.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(1), 104-108. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Flax, J., Bick, G., Abratt, R. (2016). The perceptions of supplier-buyer relations and its affect on the corporate brand.Journal of Brand Management,23(1), 22-37. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Keith, S.External Analysis (2012). Coles, Woolworths and the local.Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies,2, 47-81. Landrum, N. E., Gardner, C., Boje, D. M. (2014). An integral foundation for international strategic management.Humanistic Perspectives on International Business and Management, 120-133. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., Zentes, J. (2015). Strategic international management. Springer. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. The Guardian. (2017). Woolworths: the rise and fall of the department store empire. Retrieved https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/nov/19/woolworths-retail-department-stores. Woolworths. (2017). Woolworths Limited. Retrieved from https://www.woolworths.co.za/.

Learn How to Write an Essay About Education

Writing an education essay prove to be a daunting task if you have no clue on how to begin. Education is a broad topic encompassing many concepts. Likewise, it is a very common type of essays that students are usually required to write by their instructors. There are various reasons why teachers might assign essays to students. During classes, different concepts get taught. One of the methods the lecturer can evaluate whether every student has grasped the knowledge is through issuing essays on the learned topics.   Another importance of writing essays is to sharpen the skills and knowledge of the writer. This process acts as an exercise whereby students can explain various ideas using similar concepts and theories. As such the knowledge gets reinforced in their brains. Writing essay assignments assists the students to understand the practicality of theoretical concepts.   This will enable them to use what they learned in class to solve real-life situations.   Essay assignments also enhance the reasoning capacity of students. They learn how to analyze facts and obtain important information critically. Within a semester student usually, undertake different subjects. There are times whereby different instructors might give multiple assignments at the same time. In this case, students can learn how to manage their time efficiently. Time management is a crucial skill both in the school environment and in life. Explanations on What Is an Education Essay Education is a highly intriguing process. During ancient times, those who undertook educational activities were accorded high respect in society. Similarly, individuals who are highly educated in modern society get strong recognition and hold prestigious professions. Through education, people also get to improve themselves. Education essays discuss one or many aspects of education. They usually involve a variety of topics. These can range from education techniques, systems, challenges facing contemporary education, how education influences a student’s professional life and many others. Education essays can contain personal experiences. In essence, somebody can write about their educational journey from the basic level to more advanced levels. At the same time, educational essays can discuss various theoretical concepts. There are two ways of classifying education essays. They can be sorted through logical formulation or by the subject matter. Moreover, these essays are content-classified. For instance, you might decide to write a narrative essay describing events that occurred in a particular place during a certain time. Alternatively, you can opt to write about a persuasive essay that recommends a specific change in the educational system. Student Challenges on How to Write a Good Education Essay There are various challenges students experience in essay writing. These difficulties greatly hinder their ability to score good grades in their papers. As such, most find it necessary to seek online essay help to get tips on how to improve their writing or purchase writing assistance.   However, many companies are claiming to offer top-class services but deliver half-written papers to students. Therefore, finding professional writing services that provide good value is also a difficult task. Another problem many students face is poor writing skills. When a student does not understand the basic principles of writing proper essays, he or she is bound to fail. The inability to take adequate research is also another reason that will hinder essay writing. When students have multiple papers to write they can sometimes feel exhausted. This prevents them from effectively writing the pieces. Other students are slow in research and writing. Though they can write good papers, they frequently submit their papers after the deadlines. Such an action can make a student get disqualified from the course. Family and part-time job responsibilities place a heavy burden on the students’ energy. They have to find a way of balancing between writing and taking care of other important duties. Likewise, they rarely find enough time to write their papers. Emergencies such as sickness prevent students from undertaking any writing activities. They have to postpone the process until they feel better. This situation can prevent the student from submitting the paper on time. Professional writers are therefore a practical solution for students facing such challenges. Nevertheless, writing a good essay requires only two fundamental rules. The first is to confine your discussion to one main point and provide at least three supportive arguments. Second, you need to reinforce your ideas by mentioning a detail or two about each. Remember to make relevant citations for all cited material. Writing a Good Education Essay Outline The function of an essay outline is to assist you in organizing your main ideas. It provides guidance on the structural composition of your paper. Summarize the main content of your thoughts and arrange them in a logical as well as coherent manner. Creating an outline is an essential skill that a student needs to understand. Some course units might require the student to write the outline as part of the essay. The first step in writing the outline is to read all the paper guidelines carefully. Underline or highlight key phrases and words to boost your understanding of the paper requirements. Next, develop your topic and identify the purpose of writing the essay. Is it to persuade, enlighten or to entertain? The Best Approach to Use Regarding How to Start an Education Essay Identify the audience of the essay to help you know which tone to use while writing. It will also help you choose the appropriate vocabulary depending on their level of knowledge. The last step in creating an outline is the development of your thesis statement.   A good thesis statement should express the focus of the paper and mention an arguable claim. Do not make your thesis stamen more than two sentences long. The Best Education Essay Structure The structure and writing format of your essay might depend on your faculty’s specific requirements. Therefore, you need to first go through the instructions before deciding on a particular format. However, nevertheless, the general structure of an education essay starts with an introductory section followed by the body and finally the conclusion. How to Write an Education Essay Introduction An essay introduction usually serves two major purposes. The first is to capture the reader’s interest in your topic and encourage them to read more. A statement meant to attract the reader’s attention is the hook. The second function of the introduction is to give the reader a guide on what you are going to write about. This is the thesis statement. How to Craft a Perfect Education Essay Body To effectively write the body section, utilize your thesis statement to develop three parts.   The initial part is the first argument of your thesis statement. The second part forms the second idea, and the third part is your third discussion. In each part, make use of sub-points to support the main point. Each section of the body also needs to be started with a mini-thesis statement informing the reader on what the section entails. Composing an Education Essay Conclusion Restate the theses statement and three major points that accompanied it. Incorporate some closing remarks at the end. These could be something that emphasizes the importance of the topic to society, a proverb, an ironic statement or an obvious fact about your topic. Why You Need Our Education Essay Tips Many benefits come with purchasing our online writing services. Some of them are as listed below; Masters and D. writers On-time delivery 24-hour services Top-rated writers Affordable prices Buy Quality Papers from the Experts We are always ready to offer you help whenever you feel challenged in writing an education paper. We are your one-stop shop for writing solutions. Buy essay papers that guarantee good grades.

In contemporary society, it is generally acknowledged that there is a compact relationship between the process of accounting and successive stages of capitalism. The WritePass Journal

In contemporary society, it is generally acknowledged that there is a compact relationship between the process of accounting and successive stages of capitalism. 1. Introduction In contemporary society, it is generally acknowledged that there is a compact relationship between the process of accounting and successive stages of capitalism. 1. Introduction2. A review of Capitalism2.1 The conception of Capitalism2.2 Capitalism and two stages3. A review of Accounting 3.1 The conception of Accounting 3.2 The development of Accounting 4.   The relationship between Capitalism and Accounting5. Accounting changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain5.1 Railway5.2 Canal industryReferences Related 1. Introduction In contemporary society, it is generally acknowledged that there is a compact relationship between the process of accounting and successive stages of capitalism. Then, according to Sombart (1916), the notion of double entry bookkeeping has influence on the emergence of capitalism. Consequently, this viewpoint can arouse a great controversy. Some researchers agree Sombart’s argument and launch a deeper study between the accounting and capitalism. In addition, Chiapello (2007) also states that there is the association between the conception of capitalism and the angle of economy and society which is impact on accounting. Moreover, it is argued that the capitalism revolution has deeply impact on the history of accounting. So, there is an interconnected relationship between the process of accounting and successive stages of capitalism. This essay will elaborate the issue about the role of accounting plays in successive stages of capitalism. In the first section, it will give the conception of capitalism and state two stages of capitalism. Second part gives the conception and development of accounting. Then, the relationship between them is given in the next section. Finally, it can be conclude that the history of accounting has influence on capitalism through the case of canals and railways in UK. 2. A review of Capitalism 2.1 The conception of Capitalism Initially, as Deschepper (1964) states, capitalism was first proposed by Louis Blanc in the second half of nineteenth century and it is required to separate from the capital. Afterwards, Chiapello (2007) argues that the word capitalism can be turned into the antonyms of socialism during the twentieth century. Then, Sombart (1930) gives a clear definition on the basis of social scholars: ‘Capitalism designates an economic system significantly characterized by the predominance of â€Å"capital† ’ (Sombart, 1930, p.4). Secondly, according to Weber (1991), capitalism is defined that ‘the most universal condition for the existence of modern capitalism is, for all large lucrative businesses supplying our daily needs, the use of a rational capital account as standard’(Weber, 1991,p. 297). From the angles above, it can be concluded that most scholars cannot clearly propose the word capitalism even though capitalism has its definition according to their own thoughts. For example, Marx just used the expression of ‘capital system’ or ‘capital production’ rather than the word capitalism. 2.2 Capitalism and two stages It is witnessed that there is an energetic view about the capitalist revolution with the development of business history. Consequently, according to Wilson (1995), it is widely accepted that capitalism can be divided into two stages on the basis of different categories of management: the traditional form of capitalism and the managerial capitalism. To begin with, Wilson (1995) claims that it is clear that early capitalism is described that an individual can play various roles in operating the company from the perspective of personal management. So, it is the traditional form of capitalism. For instance, according to Mantoux (1928), the manager tends to have various powers to operate the company and the powers contain the rights for businessman or salesman. From the perspective above, it is obvious that most the corporate affairs can usually be dominated by an individual or small management teams until management functions can be separated. Moreover, as Wilson (1995) states, the managerial capitalism is viewed as the second stage, but there are two periods in the managerial capitalism: the entrepreneurial form of organization and the managerial form of organization. Firstly, it is apparent that a company transforms from individual forms to form of enterprise because personal management form has itself internal and external limits and it seems that the development of organization can be restricted. So it is the entrepreneurial form. In this stage, the owner-manager tend to need to hire professionals and use external funding and it seems that ownership and control start to emerge a separation in order to improve management functions. Finally, the managerial stage is regarded as the second period as Wilson (1995) asserts. It is well known that there is a complete separation between ownership and control. That is to say, professional manager should commit strategic, functional and operational management while investors can control most of stock equity which operates the company. 3. A review of Accounting 3.1 The conception of Accounting Initially, according to Young (2006), American Institute of Accountants’ Committee can provide an official definition: ‘Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof ’ (cited in Grady, 1965, p. 2). Secondly, as Bryer (2006) claims, accounting is defined that there is a kind of process which offer useful accounting information for investors and senior managers. Obviously, accounting is regarded as a kind of looking for the common economic purpose of the reasonable and dominant method (Bryer, 2006). Afterwards, it is obvious that all the accounting information can be made reasonable economic decisions for the future development of the organization as Bryer (2006) demonstrates. Thirdly, McLaney and Atrill (2007) provide another conception of accounting: it is evident that it can collect many useful available financial data, use a certain method to analyse these information and report to managers in the form of financial statement. Then, managers can make full use of these data to make the right economic decisions for the progress of the company. Therefore, from these angles, it tends to conclude that there are the common features in terms of the definition of accounting. In other words, it is well known that accounting is the process of collecting and analyzing the financial data for managers and managers can make use of these information to make economic decisions for the company. 3.2 The development of Accounting Along with the progress of business, it is widely believed that accounting has been constantly developing. Therefore, as Edwards (1989) states, there are four stages in terms of the progress of accounting: the pre-capitalist period, the commercial capitalism, the industrial capitalism and the financial capitalism. Firstly, according to Edwards (1989), the first stage is pre-capitalist period, which dates from Mesopotamian civilisation until the Greek civilisation (4000 BC -1000 AD). Then, the first form of accounting is a simple record keeping and it origins from the Mesopotamian trade. For instance, Edwards (1989) illustrates that the original method is that the knotted cord keeps records, but this record evolves into keeping the minute on the ceramics or paper with the development of society. Hence, it means that there appears an initial form of calculating profits in terms of recording the goods and cash in this stage. Secondly, Edwards (1989) claims that commercial capitalism is regarded as the second stage. This stage begins from 1000 to 1750. It is defined that merchants use money to purchase raw materials rather than number of production equipment and finish the goods, and make a big profit to obtain more shares after selling the products in this period. Then, it is described as â€Å"circulating capital†. So, it is also called the original commercial form. Moreover, it is worth to point out that there appears a new way of record keeping which is called double entry booking from about 1300 and then this method becomes more and more prevalent after 1494. Thirdly, as Edwards (1989) states, the third stage is known as industrial capitalism. This stage normally dates from 1760 to 1830 in Britain even though industrial revolution had different periods in various countries. Afterwards, it is commonly accepted that the progress of mass machinery and factory marked the birth of industrial capitalism due to the emergence of new energy in the mid-nineteenth century. In addition, it is obvious that rich labour resources also promote the capitalist industrialization because of low infant mortality and the enclosure movement and then textile industry with ceramic and transportation appear constantly. Hence, it can be seen that manufacturing is the main proceeds in this stage. On the other hand, it is of importance that single entry and double entry can be chosen at that time from the perspective of industrialists, however, double entry replaced eventually single record keeping due to the improvement of resource allocation even though single entr y maintains the leading position in Britain until nineteenth century. Finally, financial capitalism is viewed as the fourth stage according to Edwards (1989) and this period starts from 1830 until today. It is notable that public services, like railway building, tend to become the preliminary stress on capital rather than fixed capital in terms of financing at this stage. Furthermore, it seems that public services can be required abundant of money rather than carrying on activities on small scale. Obviously, accounting problems such as the division of capital costs and tax costs, calculating profits, the evaluation of fixed assets tend to be constantly emerged. At that time, there are same accounting problems between mechanical inventions and technological inventions because of financing. In the end, government has transformed the attitude about the rule of business activities and it means that financial data are required while managers tend to choose suitable methods in terms of financial reporting procedures. 4.   The relationship between Capitalism and Accounting According to Wilson (1995), it is witnessed that there is an energetic view about the capitalist revolution with the development of business history. Furthermore, as Chiapello (2007) states, it is evident that to a large extent the emergence of accounting can lead to the notion of capitalism. Then, Chiapello (2007) also asserts that there is the association between the conception of capitalism and the angle of economy and society which is impact on accounting. At the same time, Sombart (1916) claims that as the record keeping method of accounting, the notion of double entry bookkeeping has influence on the emergence of capitalism. In addition, Bryer (2000) suggests that there is the theory of Marx which emphasis on the history of accounting and the transformation of capitalism. So, it means that the history of accounting is closely associated with the transformation of capitalism. Finally, according to Arnold and McCartney (2008), it is argued that series of developing capitalism has impact on the external form of accounting about financial statement during the industrial revolution in Britain. Therefore, from these perspectives, it can be concluded that there is the common characteristics between the accounting and the capitalism. That is to say, firstly, it seems that along with the development of the business history, accounting can constantly emerge in the capitalist revolution and it also facilitates the notion of capitalism. Secondly, it is evident that the double entry bookkeeping also comes out with the progress of accounting and it is deeply connected with the appearance of capitalism. Due to the development of capitalist revolution, there appears a new method of bookkeeping under the changing circumstance. Consequently, according to Edwards (1989), it is obvious that small businesses tend to use single entry to keep the trading activities in the eleventh century and this record keeping can make small businesses operating well. However, due to the increasing business activities and the growth of amount of trading, it seems that single entry may restrict the size of business. It is thus well known that double entry bookkeeping tend to come out from about fourteenth century and it would become increasingly popular in 1494. Then, double entry is widely used in UK in the seventeenth century because of the increase in the number of transaction. To start with, as Sombart (1992) states, double entry bookkeeping is defined that there are two accounts in every entry. That is to say, one is the debit account and another is the credit account. It is also the basic rule of double entry. As is seen that double entry bookkeeping would closely together with the accounts of enterprise. In addition, Sombart (1992) asserts that the capital account and the income account start to appear and it is the core of double entry bookkeeping. At the same time, DEB is given an objective: ‘keeping track of every movement throughout the company’s capital cycle, quantifying it and recording it in writing’ (Sombart, 1992, p.21).   Chiapello (2007) claims that close annual account put forward for the first time from the textbook of Simon Stevin and the balance sheet was proposed according to double entry bookkeeping. However, Yamey (1964) also gives another definition of double entry bookkeeping: initially, there is the sole standard about the balance of debit and credit accounts in terms of the balance system of bookkeeping. Secondly, this system adds the use of capital accounts and nominal accounts, but regular calculation of net income has not been enrolled. As a result, from these perspectives it can be concluded that there is the development of double entry bookkeeping in early capitalism stage and the conception of double entry bookkeeping. That is to say, firstly, it is defined by Sombart and Yamey that double entry bookkeeping can be divided into two accounts. Secondly, double entry bookkeeping tend to be come out because of expanding increasingly the size of businesses. 5. Accounting changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain As Arnold and McCartney (2008) claim, financial statement which is an external form of accounting has formed in the successive stages of capitalism and it is obvious that financial reports have sort of changes in terms of railway and canal industry during the initial period of industrial revolution. 5.1 Railway According to Arnold and McCartney (2008), it seems that the establishment of railway enterprise such as Liverpool and Manchester railway mark the appearance of financial capitalism from 1830. As an illustration, Edwards (1989) states that the requirement of public utilities tend to turn into the primary pressure of capital instead of fixed capital during the Industrial Revolution. So, for the sake of large scale financing, two railway buildings, Liverpool and Manchester railway, was found in 1830. The London Stock Exchange can place importance on corporation securities during the second half of nineteenth century and it can represent the importance of railway in terms of the capital market. At that time, as the railways were the major industry during the second half of nineteenth century according to Arnold and McCartney (2008), the construction of railway was required to invest amount of capital rather than a small scale. So, plenty of financial data can need to be reported in the f inancial statement. Then, these data can contribute to design the project, calculating costs in the period of construction and finally these information were reported after the completion of the railway line (Edwards, 1989). 5.2 Canal industry The canal industry plays a significant role in the UK economy during the start of nineteenth century and it also has impact on the industrial revolution. According to Edwards (1989), the canal industry may mark the real commence of financial capitalism because it make use of surpluses from the employment of capital in trade and capital from the investors. As Bagwell and Lyth (2002) states, the establishment of the canals can be miracle during the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century and civil engineering with pound locks, aqueducts, cuttings and tunnels tend to be performed in the canal buildings. Then, Arnold and McCartney (2008) assert that the age of canals dated from 1755, for the sake of enhancing navigation of Sankey Brook which is a tributary of the Mersey, Liverpool Company acquired a navigable Act and the coals can be transported to Liverpool from the St Helens. So, it can also facilitate the progress of the Bridgewater canal from Manchester to Worsley. However, according to Bagwell and Lyth (2002), the cost of coal sharply decreased in Manchester when canal was built at the July of 1761. Subsequently, a better alternative of Manchester Runcorn Canal can be facilitated by the Bridgewater canal in 1767 and recently the carriage levies started to drop as well. Simultaneously, it is accepted that new canals h ave not only the function of transporting the cargo, but they can also be regarded as the transportation of passengers due to the introduction of the Manchester passenger boats in the late of eighteenth century (Arnold and McCartney, 2008).   In addition, as Hadfield (1981) mentions, it is witnessed that from the angle of canals, there is a growth of inland navigation system between England and Wales from 1,482 miles to 3,969 miles during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Hence, it is defined as the stage of industrial revolution. However, as Arnold and McCartney (2008) claim, the Bubble Act can be proposed by an Act of Parliament and there are some limitations from the angle of joint stock company since the failure of South Sea company. Afterwards, the first corporation, which is named The Company of Proprietors of the River Dun, was established in 1733 by this Act and this company has the total  £ 17,250 capital. Therefore, it means that the canal companies can be viewed as â€Å"statutory companies, for trading purposes† for the first time and there are limited liabilities in some corporations(Harries, 2000, pp.98-9). From these perspectives above, it can be concluded that the canal companies tend to make a financial foundation for future industrial process as a means of selling stocks and bonds (Bagwell and Lyth, 2002). Although some canal companies have some certain data such as construction costs and dividends, it is clear that the periodic accounts or financial statements are used to search for understanding the profitability (Arnold and McCartney, 2008). Additionally, the Rochdale and Lancaster directors insist to keep â€Å"proper books of Accounts† while the directors of the Kennet and Avon adhere to use the cost of construction about â€Å"a true and particular Account†. Then, it is also mentioned that the data set of three companies such as Birmingham, Kennet and Avon, and Oxford Canal companies can totally use the DEB to keep accounting records. In brief, according to Arnold and McCartney (2008), it is obvious that there are two financial statements in the Rochdale Canal, which are Statement of the Receipts and Disbursements and Statement of the debits and credits. Then, Arnold and McCartney (2008) also state that the Kennet and Avon’s general account is the initial form of General Balance Sheet even if it cannot include relevant information. 6. Conclusion Based on the arguments offered above, the development of accounting has far-reaching effects on the successive stages of capitalism especially in the period of British Industrial Revolution. Sombart (1916) claims that the notion of DEB has influence on the emergence of capitalism. In addition, Chiapello (2007) also states that there is the association between the conception of capitalism and the angle of economy and society which is impact on accounting. As a result, it is clear that along with the development of the business history, accounting can constantly emerge in the capitalist revolution and facilitate the notion of capitalism. Then, it is evident that the double entry bookkeeping also comes out with the progress of accounting and it is deeply connected with the appearance of capitalism. Therefore, based on the case of canals and railways in Britain, it is evident that the process of financial reporting has far-reaching effects on the stages of industrial revolution. Meanwhile, the history of accounting may pose an essential impact on the stages of capitalism. References Arnold, A.J. and S. McCartney (2008) ‘The transition to capitalism and its implications for financial reporting: evidence from the English canal companies’ Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal 21 (8): 1185-1209 Bagwell, P. and Lyth, P. (2002) Transport in Britain. London: Hambledon and London. Bryer, R.A (2000) ‘The history of accounting and the transition to capitalism in England. Part one: theory’ Accounting, Organizations and Society 25:131-162 Bryer, R. (2006) ‘Accounting and control of the labour process’ Critical Perspectives on Accounting 17: 551-598 Chiapello, E. (2007) ‘Accounting and the birth of the notion of capitalism’ Critical Perspectives on Accounting 18: 263-296 Deschepper, E. (1964) L’histoire du mot capital et de ses derives. Facult ´e de Philosophie et Lettres. Bruxelles, Universit ´e Libre de Bruxelles, m ´emoire de recherch ´e. Bruxelles: Philologie Romane. Edwards, J. R (1989) A history of financial accounting. London and New York: Routledge. Hadï ¬ eld, C. (1981) The Canal Age, 2nd ed. Newton Abbot: David Charles. Harris, R. (2000) Industrializing English Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mantoux, P. (1928) The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century. Jonathan Cape. McLaney, E. and P. Atrill (2007) Accounting: an Introduction (4th edition). Prentice-Hall Sombart, W. (1916) Der moderne Kapitalismus. M ¨ unchen, Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt. Sombart, W. (1930) Capitalism. In: Seligman ER, Johnson A, editors. Encyclopedia of the social sciences. New York: The Macmillan Company. Sombart, W. (1992) Cahiers d’histoire de la comptabilit ´e, Editions Ordre des experts comptableset Editions comptables Malesherbes, vol. 2 Weber, M. (1991) Histoire  ´economique. Esquisse d’une histoire universelle de l’ ´economie et de la soci ´et ´e. Paris: Gallimard Wilson, J. F (1995) British business history, 1720-1994. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. Yamey, BS. (1964) ‘Accounting and the rise of capitalism: further notes of a theme by Sombart’ Journal of Accounting Research   2(2):117–36 Young, J. J. (2006) ‘Make up users’ Accounting, Organizations and Society 31 (6): 579-600

Brand Management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand Management - Dissertation Example Although there is an accounting and legal meaning of branding but in terms of marketing it refers to the products that have clear identity, that uniquely associates and establishes a meaning between the brand and the customers. From the perspective of customer, a brand is a promise that the product will perform perfectly as per their expectation and provide them with consistent performance across â€Å"all the touch points or moment of truth with the company (distribution channels, customer service, pricing, warranties and so forth)† (Bidgoli, 2010, p. 430). It is originated as a sign of ownership via the recognition as a mental depiction of customer benefits. But now brand has arrived to such a point that it represents the strategic position and vision of the company in relation to its environment. The brands has moved from merely being an addition to the offering to its reception as a symbol of knowledge, vision and culture that would strategically guide the offering (Abbing and Gessel, 2008). The process of innovation helps not only to reduce cost but also improves the quality of the product. Thus it improves the relative value of the product. Innovation not only affects the value of the product but also helps in creating reputation. ... to liberation of brand and plan, value and meaning as associates as well as essential resources in the development of leading services and products in the market. 1.1 Branding life cycle Kotler (2000) has defined brand as an expression, name, sign, design or a combination of all these which signifies a particular seller or a group of sellers and aims towards differentiating them from the other competitors available in the market. This definition can be limiting. Dibb et al. (1997) suggested that branding is one of the tangible features of a product. It provides the customer with the verbal and physical clues that helps them to choose one particular product over the others that are available in the market. However it is not only limited to products; services also communicates physical and verbal clues. For instance the hotel that provides its wide range of varieties of services also provides and transmits a range of physical and verbal communication to its potential customers. The ter m â€Å"life cycle† is often linked with the development of a service or product. The same metaphor is used to link human behaviour with the concept of branding. This suggests that there are possibilities that the brands that one finds in the offices and homes may be seen to face a decline and finally seen to die. These brands also have long history of struggle and have left various legacies. Brands are affected by various combinations of macro and micro environmental factors (Chitale and Gupta, 2011; Majumdar, 2004; Kurtz and Boone, 2008; Gelder, 2005). By understanding the influence of these factors on the position of the brand in the market place, the management of the organization will be able to forecast the health of their brand in future and will be able to plan their strategies.

Female Rural-urban Immigration in China Research Paper

Female Rural-urban Immigration in China - Research Paper Example The main reason why China aimed at establishing such a market system is to enable links to rural, urban, domestic as well as international markets. The intended market system would also promote the efficient resource allocation (Meng, 77). The establishment of a security system would ensure social stability as well as the development of the economy. In 1997, the Chinese government emphasized on the importance of private sectors in the social economy of China with the claim that they encourage the profitability of factors of production such as capital, labor and technology. It was until 2001 when major achievements were realized in the various fields and reforms were then running smoothly. At the present China has established a market system that plays the role of ensuring efficient allocation of resources. Future plan include establishing a fully developed market economy by the year 2020 (Meng, 78). As an already developed country, China’s economy is now characterized by huge infrastructural developments such as roads and industries. It is also characterized by advanced technology which has come to replace human labor in their work places, good education and health facilities whose working conditions are hygienic. Workers in various institutions in the country especially in the urban areas are paid high wages. Roads, industries, agriculture and health facilities such as pharmaceuticals all contribute to the Gross Domestic Product of China which is continuing to increase. Population increase has also been realized in China. Population statistics of China indicate that the female population is less than the male population. Over the past decades, birth rates included eighty girls out of... This paper stresses that the major elements included in the reform of China’s economy included: agricultural sector, enterprises owned by the state, price system, financial sector, infrastructure and the welfare system at large. As from 1984, the restructuring of the China economy was moved from rural regions to the urban areas. The major aspects in the reform of the economy in China included developing the economic elements while placing the economy’s public sector in a major position. The requirements of the market economy had to be met and this had to be strictly ensured by changing the enterprises owned by the state to fit in the modern system of enterprise. The main reason why China aimed at establishing such a market system is to enable links to rural, urban, domestic as well as international markets. This essay declares that migration in China before 1978 was rampant and this resulted to high population flows especially in the urban areas. Population movement then became an issue of concern by the Chinese Government. After the Chinese war, most people were moved back to their villages and other moved to cities to look for jobs. Urban cities were magnets for the rural residents who aimed at benefiting from the state. Later, the Government realized that there were a huge number of people moving into cities and it criticized the blind population flow. Later on, the government introduced the Ho Kou system which checked and regulated the movement of people.

Cultural Diversity in the U.S Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Cultural Diversity in the U.S - Assignment Example The United States experiences racial conflicts, which have given birth to riots, clashes and discriminative attitude and behavior. Human rights activists always persuade to the government as well as law enforcing agencies for treating all individuals on equal foundations by offering them equal education, health, business, recreational, sports and job opportunities, so that future generations could be protected from the bloody clashes because of the unequal distribution of wealth, resources and opportunities imposed and inflicted upon the minority groups by the political, social, educational and economic institutions. Affirmative action has been in vogue in almost all states, cities and institutions of the USA particularly for the last four decades, and laws strictly condemns application of any discrimination on the individuals. â€Å"There are thousands of examples of situations where people of color, white women, and working class women and men of all races who were previously excl uded from jobs or educational opportunities, or were denied opportunities once admitted, have gained access through affirmative action.† (Kivel, 1997: 3) Now, no public or private reject to recruit the black, female or gay candidates to obtain employment because of their complexion, gender or sexual orientation etc. Race-sensitive admissions policies have also been adopted at schools, colleges and other educational institutions. Actually, social discrimination is not confined to employment and job only in the USA. Rather, the same prejudiced behavior could be observed in healthcare services and various educational institutions too. It was particularly the case in past when an overwhelming majority of teachers, staff members and students, belonging to white Anglo Saxon population (WASP) displayed their hatred by teasing the Black students through different ways; even separate water coolers and washrooms

‘Fair Dealing’ Defences in UK Copyright Law: An Analysis

‘Fair Dealing’ Defences in UK Copyright Law: An Analysis â€Å"The ‘fair dealing’ defences occupy a pivotal position in copyright law. They ensure a balance between the interest of the copyright owner in securing a just return on creative work and the public interest in ensuring that intellectual property does not impede the flow of ideas and information.† J Griffiths Preserving Judicial Freedom of Movement –Interpreting Fair Dealing In Copyright Law IPQ 2000, 2,2 164-186. To what extent do you consider that the fair dealing provisions and the supporting case law provide a desirable and consistent balance between these interests? This paper will criticize the restrictive approach of ‘fair dealing’ defences in UK copyright law. American copyright law will be examined in comparison to discuss the alternative attitudes towards ‘fair dealing’ defences in infringement disputes. Changes to the rule will be proposed and discussed to demonstrate how the current copyright defence can be improved to maintain the balance of protecting intellectual property and freedom of information. Fair Dealing defences which are used against copyright infringement cases raise important philosophical issues at the heart of Intellectual Property. There is a need for society to share and build on existing knowledge for progress. For example it can be argued the need to allow freedom of expression, is ‘more than necessary to incentivise creative expression in the first place.’[1] Fair dealing defences attempt to mediate between the fine line of the commercial proprietary rights granted through copyright and the legitimate public use of material in good faith, to teach, educate and share cultural works. Thus there is a fundamental dichotomy between the free expression of ideas in the public domain and the rightful protection of creative works which use such knowledge and information. This is termed the ‘idea-expression divide.’[2] Kretschmer [3] argues against the concept of copyright, due to its capacity to act as an ‘artificial barrier’[4] i mpeding the exchange of ideas in society. One explanation behind such divisions can be suggested to lie in the historical Lockean conceptualization of property. This is defined negatively creating ‘rights to exclude access.’[5] This ‘absolutist conception of property rights’[6] allows the creators to exploit and monopolize economic, cultural production at the expense of fair uses in the public interest and freedom of expression. But there are those who support the rights of the author. For example the French system of droit d’auteur enables an artist to control how their work is distributed in the market. While concerned about economic exploitation of work, moral rights also ensure the author has rights to protect the integrity of a work. Thus the British concept of fair dealing defences must balance these conflicting tensions. British copyright law protects the manner of expression or form of the idea, not the idea itself. A book can be protected but not the actual underlying ideas and themes conveyed in the written text. This was stated in the case of Donoghue[7] where the judge held ‘the person who has clothed the idea in form, whether by means of a picture, a play or book’ will enjoy the benefits of copyright protection. Fair Dealing in UK copyright law is a defence under Sections 28-76 of the CDPA 1988[8]. The legislation provides for a set of prescribed circumstances, where reproductions of copyright material will not be considered an infringement. Fair dealing is outlined in sections 20-30. There are three categories where copying can be considered a fair action to take when using copyright protected material. They are 1) for research and private study under section 29; 2) for criticism and review in section 30; and 3) reporting current events under section 31. It must be noted that the legislation provides no clear definition of what constitutes fair use of material which attracts copyright. Thus the act restricts the defence to the non exclusive purposes as stated above. One reason for restricting fair use to a number of permitted acts enables the judge to consider other factors which are unique to the case itself. Fair dealing in this sense is shaped in the UK by judges as a ‘matter of im pression’[9] on a case by case basis. The scope of fair dealing was clarified by Lord Denning in Hubbard v. Vosper. [10] This case suggested certain criteria to be considered by the judge in order to determine whether fair use can be permitted in different situations involving the use of copyrighted material. Denning outlined considerations, such as the frequency and extent of quotations, and subsequently the nature of using quotations. Denning states in response to this test, ‘If they are used as a basis of comment, criticism or review that may be fair dealing. If they are used to convey the same information for a rival purpose, they may be unfair.’ Another rule of thumb is the extent of the quotation within copyrighted work. This considers the size of the actual quote used and its justified proportions in fair use. For example Denning suggests ‘to take long extracts and attach short commentary maybe unfair.’ Each case of infringement is judged by objective standards, through the eyes of an hon est person as to whether they would have dealt with the protected material in the same way as the infringer has acted. Existing fair dealing case law, only serves to highlight the ambiguity of the defence under English law. It is difficult to provide a desirable balance which protects the exclusive rights of the copyright holder but maintain a consistent approach which provides certainty to use material which is permitted in law. For example the purposes of legitimate research, the courts will not allow commercial research if it is used to produce a competing product or work. This was highlighted in the case of Time Out.[11] It can be suggested large amounts of copying will be allowed for private research and study in the eyes of the law. Academics argue in this context fair dealing functions to enable freedom of individual research and study. To require and enforce protective measures to prevent the use of copyrighted material is impractical and uneconomic. It is argued copyright should not be used as a bar to those who wish to use the work in their own studies. Torremans argues copyright property rhetoric should not be allowed to supersede important value of free ideas. For example ‘copyright should not become a financial and practical obstructing barrier. There needs to be a balance between the interests of the copyright owners and society in the good functioning of the copyright system and the inter est of society for its development.’[12] It can be suggested this same line of reasoning underpins the fair dealing doctrine for educational purposes. Copying is permitted for intellectual property in dramatic, literary, artistic or musical work for purposes of instruction. Thus a student would be allowed to copy a part of an academic article in order to support their research or point of view in an essay. Under the category of infringing material for the purposes of criticism and review, it has been established that infringement will not occur if there is adequate acknowledgement of the author, the title or description of work is made available, as held in the case of Sillitoe.[13] Fair dealing was extended in the case of Pro Sieben Media AG [14] which held criticism of work can be fair, even if including the ideas in a work to discuss its ethical implications. The case stated that the ‘defence is limited to criticizing or reviewing that or another work or a performance of a work.’ The function of the defence is to allow a critic a sensible degree of leeway to conduct a review of the work. The courts stated the use of infringing material in a documentary was ‘a genuine piece of criticism and review rather than an attempt to dress ordinary copyright infringement up as criticism.’[15] This case suggests it is fair to critically treat copyrighted material using the ideas within the work. But crucially ‘the defence does not cover those cases where only ideas, doctrine, philosophy and events are criticized.’ [16] Therefore the fair dealing doctrine is narrow in scope, restricted only to the fair use for the purposes of critical review. This case been criticized by Torremans who has argued it is not sufficient to rely on the infringers ‘sincere belief’ they are conducting fair criticism. There is an imbalance for those to wishing to exploit the fine line and cynically infringe work and simply claim the fair dealing defence for the purpose of criticism and review. It can be suggested in comparison to US legal ‘multi – purpose’[17] concept of fair use, the UK fair dealing doctrine is too restrictive in scope and interpretation. The UK is restrictive because the CDPA legislates three categories of permitted copying under the fair dealing defences, which are determined on a case by case basis of the judge. Thus anything else will be uncovered by the doctrine. The American legal system in contrast uses four standard ‘balancing’[18] tests to determine the extent of copying protected material which is covered under the fair use doctrine. The fair use doctrine is a wider and more flexible legal concept to balance the ‘idea-expression’ division in intellectual property. Under the American Copyright Act 1976 17 U.S.C Section 107 states: ‘In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include- 1.the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or it is for non profit educational purposes; 2.the nature of the copyrighted work; 3.the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole, and 4.the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.’ The fair use doctrine is not defined within the statute, it is left open to broad interpretation by judicial opinion. This ensures a degree of flexibility for the continued transmission of ideas in society. This for example can be seen when analyzing the primary factor of purpose and character. The concept of fair use rests on the idea of limited ‘transformative use’[19] for similar purposes of educating, parody or comment. The standard allows the courts to asses whether the use is fair and justified. It also requires the burden of proof on the infringer to ‘demonstrate how the consideration is the extent to which the use is interpreted as transformative as opposed to merely derivative.’[20] This point of law was considered in cases such as Mattel Inc.[21] The toy company lost the claim against an artist who parodied the iconic â€Å"Barbie† doll figure in a non derivative manner. The doll was used in an entirely different context which defeated the c opyright infringement claim. Secondly the benefits of American fair use can be seen when considering the nature of the work. The standard allows for the distinction between created work and factual information which serves the public through its dissemination into the open arena. It is argued there is more ‘leeway’[22] to copy factual material. This provision directly allows the courts to ‘prevent the private ownership of work that rightfully belongs in the public domain, as facts and ideas are separate from copyright.’[23] This was held to be the case in Time Inc [24]concerning the public interest of the film depicting the assignation of President Kennedy. The social need to keep this in the public domain was greater than the commercial need to uphold the copyright in the film footage. The third factor assessing the amount and substantiality of the original copied work is a more troublesome standard to determine in the courts. For example the issue of sampling in hip hop music, which reclaims existing music and uses it to create a new track, was litigated. Here the courts have been unusually strict seen in the decision Grand.[25] The case enforced the copyright of a Gilbert O’Sullivan song and lead to the restrictive requirement of licensing samples of music from the copyright owner, if the sample if substantially recognizable. The fourth factor of investigating the effect upon the work’s value attempts to quantify the commercial impact infringement has had on the protected material. The ‘Betamax’[26] case involved the copyright owner Universal loosing the infringement claim as it could not prove with any reliable evidence that the Betamax technology had dented the commercial broadcaster’s profits. Such an approach allows the courts to factor in alleged market harm to copyrighted material, and give equal consideration to economic concerns of the rights holder to make a fully informed assessment of the situation. These four non exclusive factors provide enough flexibility for judicial opinion to consider other important considerations in relation to each individual case of infringement. In addition flexibility is encouraged as the fair use doctrine is a positive ‘defense to copyright, which means if the defendants actions do not constitute and infringements of the plaintiffs rights, fair use does not even arise as an issue.’[27] Thus a broader view is established in the US system. You do not need the consent of the copyright owner under American law to engage in fair use of material which attracts copyright. However further criticism of the UK approach to fair dealing arises in the wider context of digital copying technology and file sharing. The doctrine is made to look ineffective, mainly through the botched nature of the UK implementation of the EU Directives on the Information Society. This paper believes it is necessary to resolve these problems and rethink the traditional approach to copyright infringement in a digital environment. The aim to balance the conflicting factors of the author’s rights and the need to allow the free exchange of knowledge in society is harder to perform with widespread digital copying. But it is possible through Digital Management Systems, to distribute copyrighted content through technology which limits the capacity to duplicate files by the consumer. Despite DMS, this paper believes the frequency and simplicity of replication facilitated through digital technology far outweighs such content managed systems that use inbuilt licensing restrictions. For example peer 2 peer file sharing and online digital content has facilitated the exchange of copyrighted music in huge numbers among users of a globalised network on the internet. It can be suggested that the UK’s implementation of the EU Information and Society Directive (2001) shows how outdated the present conception of fair dealing defences are. Article 5 deals with the exceptions and limitations to the use of copyright, in order to harmonize European policy. Under Article 5(5) a ‘draconian’[28] three step test is used to assess any infringement exceptions in special cases. This section is to be ‘applied if they do not conflict with normal exploitation of the work and if the exception does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder.’[29]Critics suggest this is an even stricter standard providing no fair use for ‘copy protected on demand services.’[30] Critics view the directive to mistakenly allow principles of freedom of expression to be ‘handed over to the rights owner.’[31] For example under article 6(4) availability of research material through on-demand services c an be contractually blocked by the copyright holder. This has major repercussions for the role of UK fair dealing defences as it renders the doctrine ineffective in the digital arena. Kretschmer worries this amounts to a ‘possibility of perpetual copyright.’[32] In addition to this under 5(1), the directive provides for technical exceptions which involve necessary copying for technological process and digital content. Temporary reproductions such as the cache of files within a browser which copy files of data will not infringe copyright as such acts are ‘incidental and should have no economic significance.’[33] In light of such developments it can be suggested there is a need to find alternative solutions to reward copyright owners interest within a digital context. There is a need for copyright to ‘generate new resources of remuneration’[34] for rights owners instead of functioning in a prohibitive manner. Kretschmer proposes alternative system of royalties to be used to compensate owners who can not stem the tide of digital copying. For example ‘a small royalty percentage on content traffic revenues from ISP’s would have been the obvious legal innovation.’[35] Such novel solutions are needed in order to successfully balance the freedom of information with traditional copyright interests. In conclusion this paper argues for the need to make changes and decided upon pragmatic alternative solutions to the current legal situation. Fair dealing should be redefined to enable copyright infringement defences take into account the development of digital content. It can be suggested to ensure greater flexibility the UK should adopt the wider US fair use doctrinal approach to defending infringement. Legislation should widen the scope of fair dealing through standard factor based tests. Adopting such standards would promote a liberal approach to asses the degree and nature of infringement. This is needed to make sure the vital balancing act of competing ideological tensions continue within intellectual property law. Bibliography Klang Murray (eds) Human Rights in the Digital Age, 2005 Cavendish Lloyd, Information Technology Law 4th Ed, 2004 ,OUP Bently Sherman, Intellectual Property Law, 2nd Ed, 2004, Oxford Holyoak Torremans, Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Ed, 2001, Butterworths Intellectual Property Law, Fourth Edition 2004, Cavendish Publishing J Griffiths, Preserving Judicial Freedom of Movement –Interpreting Fair Dealing In Copyright Law IPQ 2000, 2,2 164-186 M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: End of an Era, 2003 www.cippm.org.co.uk Joint Information Systems Committee and Publishers Association, Guidelines for Fair Dealing in An Electronic Environment, 1998, www.ukonln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/pa/fair/intro.html R. Buchan, Fair Picture, Guidance from the English High Court on Fair Dealing for the Purpose of Criticism and Review, as Applied to Copyright Material, The Journal of Law and Society, August 2005, Page 52, www.journalonline.co.uk/article/1002090.aspx 1 Footnotes [1] W. Landes and R. Posner, An Economic Analysis Of Copyright Law, (1989) 18 Journal of Legal Studies, 325-366 [2] Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/idea-expression_divide [3] www.cippm.org.uk, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era [4] http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/copyright/fair_use_and_fair_dealing [5] www.cippm.org.uk, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era [6] as above [7] Donoghue v Allied Newspapers Limited (1938) Ch 106 [8] Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 [9] Lord Denning Hubbard v. Vosper (1972) 2 QB 84 1 All ER [10] Hubbard V Vosper (1972) 2 QB 84, 1 All ER 1023 [11] Independent television Publications Ltd v. Time Out Ltd (1984) FSR 545 [12] p. 258 Holyoak and Torremans, Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Edition, Butterworths, 2001 [13] Sillitoe v. McGraw-Hill Book Co (UK) Ltd (1983) FSR 545 [14] Pro Sieben Media AG v. Carlton TV (1999) [15] p.259 as above [16] p.259, Holyoak and Torremans, Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Edition, Butterworths, 2001 [17] www.cippm.org.uk, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fair_use [19] http://fairuse.stanford.edu.copyright_and_fair_use_overview/chapter9/index.html [20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fair_use [21] Mattel Inc v. Walking Mountain Productions [22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fair_use [23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fair_use [24] Time Inc. v. Bernard Geis Associates 293 F Supp. 130 [25] Grand Upright v. Warner 780 F Supp 182 (S.D.N.Y 1991) [26] Sony Corp v. Universal City Studios , 464 U.S 417, 451 (1984) [27] as above [28] www.cippm.org.uk, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era [29] p.268, Holyoak and Torremans, Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Edition, Butterworths, 2001 [30] p.8 www.cippm.org.uk, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era [31] as above [32] p.10 as above [33] as above [34] as above [35] p.3, M. Kretschmer, Digital Copyright: The End of An Era